PRACTICAL REGULATORY TECHNIQUE OF NUTRITION IN BARS AND SOLATORS

　　1Systematic nutrition concept of sow

The systematic nutrition concept of sows is mainly based on the sows in the reserve period, immature breeding period.(1~2Fetal)mature breeding period(3-6)Same stage(Including breeding, gestation, lactation and empty pregnancy)Adopt different nutritional control strategies and formulate corresponding feeding technology strategies to more effectively exert the reproductive performance of sows throughout their lives..Increase the annual productivity of the sow.

　　2Utilization of unconventional plant feed resources

Combined with local feed resources, the use of local unconventional feed resources can effectively reduce feed costs..Improve economic efficiency. However, when using local unconventional feed resources, it is important to understand the anti-nutritional factors of these unconventional feed resources, the suitable pig herds and the maximum use amount, and then use them.

　　2.1Peanut by-product

Annual Peanut Production in China600About ten thousand tons.peanut vine480Ten thousand tons, peanut shell340Tons. For example, peanut vine contains digestive energy83804Jiao/Kg, crude proteinl2%is equivalent114Tons of fish meal,246.1Tons of corn. Studies have reported that peanut shells, peanut vines and peanut leaves are dried and processed into powder and mixed with feed for pigs. The feeding amount is the daily ration25%~30%.

　　2.2crop seed germination feed

The main component of crop seeds is starch..During the germination process a part of the starch is converted to maltose and at the same time the content of the various vitamins and enzymes it contains is increased. PigeNetwork users introduced, feeding the germination of feed to livestock and poultry, boars can enhance libido and improve the quality of semen;Sows can normally estrus, conceive and increase lactation;Piglets can promote growth and development, improve disease resistance and survival rate.

　　2.3chili leaves

The nutritional value of pepper leaves is better than that of fruit pepper. It is an excellent feed resource for livestock and poultry, and the content of essential amino acids in pepper leaves is9.74%The amino acid content in fresh leaves is4.1%.The sweet amino acid content is8.01%. Tests have shown that weaned piglets are fed per head per day.50g chili dried leaf powder, even fed60Days can increase weight gain24.8%.

　　2.4Sweet Potato

Sweet potato is very versatile. It is not only a delicious food, but also an important raw material for the feed industry. China's sweet potato planting area is the largest in Asia, accounting for the world's total area61%,66710,000 square meters, with a total output of aboutlTons, ranking first in the world. Studies have shown that pigs fed with sweet potato instead of corn in the diet have a high slaughter rate and good meat flavor.

　　2.5Pomace

Pomace is rich in crude protein, amino acids, minerals, trace elements and vitamins. Therefore, the pomace used as livestock and poultry feed its nutritional value is higher. Weaned piglets in the diet added4%The weight gain of sea buckthorn pomace can be improved.9.38%~21.27%.

　　3Pig Nutrition Regulation Technology

　　3.1Regulation of Feed Nutrition in Sows

　　3.1.1Regulation of feed nutrition for gilts and immature sows

The nutritional needs of reserve breeding pigs are different from those of growing finishing pigs..In order to ensure the good reproductive condition of the reserve breeding pigs, different nutritional needs patterns must be adopted for the reserve sows. The two key stages of gilts are the growth and development period and the gestation period of the first sow. The nutritional preparation of the two stages is very important for the sow's production performance and reproductive performance. The difference between the growth and development period of reserve sows and fattening pigs is that the growth and fattening pigs mainly emphasize the growth rate and feed conversion rate, while the reserve pigs are in good reproductive condition. The final goals of the two are different, resulting in different nutrition strategies for reserve pigs and growing fattening pigs. The level of vitamins and trace elements in the growth and development period of the reserve pig is higher than that of the growth and finishing pig in the same period.0.1%In order to achieve a better reproductive condition of the reserve pigs, the way to take a separate addition of vitamin or mineral element supplements or premix to add more0.1%. The nutritional needs of the first-born sows are characterized by the need to meet their own growth and development needs, but also to meet the growth and development needs of the fetus, according to(2004)National Pig Feeding Standard, First Pregnancy Sow(Divided by weight)The requirements of crude protein, metabolizable energy and lysine in early pregnancy are respectively13%,l2·75Mega-joules/Kilograms and0.53%;The requirements of crude protein, metabolizable energy and lysine in the early pregnancy of multiparous sows are respectively12%,l2.35Mega-joules/Kilograms and0.53%.

Conditional pig farms or farmers, during the growth and development period and gestation period of the gilts, feed the gilts some green fodder, carrots, alfalfa, etc. to increase the supply of vitamins. In addition, these green fodder It contains some bioactive substances, including vitamins, trace elements, etc., which can promote the growth and development, ovulation and embryo survival rate of gilts.

The nutritional requirements of the gilts are higher, but the feed intake is smaller. First-born sows eat more each1kilogram feed decreases the likelihood of prolonging the interval between weaning and re-estrus42%. Lysine requirements are much higher in first-born sows. After the first sow is weaned in estrus, it is necessary to miss a period of estrus before mating, which can maximize the fecundity of the sow throughout its life. The level of lysine required for optimal second litter size is much higher than the level of lysine required for milk production, and studies have shown that lysine required for milk production is daily52grams, crude protein level19.5%Corn a soybean meal type diet accounted1.05%~l.15%. Lysine required for optimal second litter size, daily60~65grams, crude protein levels over22%Corn a soybean meal type diet accounted1.2%~l.3%.

　　3.1.2Regulation of feed nutrition for mature sows

Maturity sow bone, muscle and body organs of the development of perfect, optimal function, which reproductive function in the sow's life in the optimal state, at this stage, sow feed preparation in accordance with the sow nutrition needs of the preparation, without adding additional nutrients, can ensure the normal production of sows.

　　3.1.3Feed Nutrition Regulation of Sows in Reproductive Decline

After entering the reproductive recession, the sow's ovary, uterus and fallopian tube and other organs related to reproductive function began to decline. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis regulates reduced reproductive function. Sows in this reproductive cycle should be analyzed according to the specific conditions of sows. Sows with poor body condition should be eliminated, and sows with average or better body condition should be subject to nutritional regulation. Mainly in the feed to add some additional organic selenium, vitaminsEVitaminsCAnd arginine, etc., regulate the reproductive function of sows, to achieve better production results.

　　3.1.4Feed nutrition regulation of sows in different stages of reproductive cycle

Early pregnancy:0-28The average feed intake of the first-born sow wasl.8~2.3Kilogram/Days, daily feeding of sows2.2~2.5kg,. Dietary nutrition level: digestible energy2900~3000Kcal/Kg, crude protein14%~l5%. Embryos almost do not need additional nutrition, at this time if the sow feed intake is large, will increase the embryo death.

The second trimester of pregnancy:28~84Day, feeding pregnant sow feed, daily feeding2.2~2.8Kilograms. Dietary nutrition levels are:N化fib 2900~3000Kcal/Kg, crude protein14%~l5%. Diet properly improve the level of crude fiber, increase satiety, prevent constipation.

Late pregnancy: from pregnancy85day, feed intake should be increased daily3.0~3.5Kilogram/head, and fed lactating sow feed,110Days later reducedl.8Kilogram/Days to delivery, can reduce the sow postpartum agalactia syndrome. Dietary nutrition level: digestible energy3100~3200Kcal/Kg, crude proteinl6%~l7%, lysine in0.8%P22.

Lactation period: feeding lactating sows, dietary nutrition level: digestible energy3100~3200Kcal/Kg, crude protein16%~l7%, lysine in0.8%P232. Lactating sows should start feeding freely as soon as possible after parturition. High-yielding sows after farrowing5-6Milk production within days8Kilogram/Day. If the material limit is imposed, then in the delivery of the first.2days at least feedl.5kg feed, No.3Days increase againl.5Kilogram, No.4Days increase againl.5Kilogram:.Free to eat later. sow lactation7Below the head, feeding should be restricted4.5Kilograms.

Breeding period and empty period: feeding lactating sows or special feed. The implementation of short-term excellent feeding, can improve the blood.FSH(follicle-stimulating hormone)The concentration andLH(Luteinizing hormone)The pulse frequency. This indicates that short-term optimal feeding can increase the number of ovulation by stimulating the secretion of gonadotropins. Increased secretion of gonadotropins, which regulate insulin and insulin-like factors in the blood. The increase in the number of ovulations may be due to an increase in additional mature vesicles or a decrease in tubal obstruction.

　　3.2Regulation of Feed Nutrition for Breeding Boars

United States(1998)NRCThe standard is that the boar feeds every day.2kg of feed, of which crude proteinl3%Lysine0.6%Calcium0.95%Phosphorus0.80%, methionine and cysteine0.42%The energy level is13.66Mega-joules/Kilograms. Daily feed intake of breeding boars in the People's Republic of China with the standards of the Ministry of Agriculture2.2Kg, of which crude proteinl3.5%Lysine0.55%Calcium0.7%Total phosphorus0.55%methionine and cystine0.38%The energy level is12.95Mega-joules/Kilogram(NY/T 65)—2004).

　　3.2.1Protein

Boar each ejaculation volume is very large, semen dry matter accounted5%.Protein accounts for dry matter75%. The quality and quantity of protein in the feed have a great influence on the quality of pig semen and the amount of ejaculation. Therefore, when the protein in the feed is insufficient or the intake of protein is insufficient. Can reduce the boar's libido, semen concentration, semen volume and semen quality. In addition, the relevant data show that the lack of tryptophan can cause the boar's testicular atrophy, thus affecting its normal physiological function.

　　3.2.2Energy needs

The energy requirement of boars is the sum of the maintenance of mating activities, semen production and growth needs. Energy is too low, the boar is easy to lose weight, the libido is reduced, the quality of semen is reduced, and the use of the boar is reduced;If the energy is too high or the feed intake is too large, the boar is easy to gain weight. Too fat boars generally do not want to exercise, easy to cause toe hoof disease, breeding or sperm collection process climb across the difficulty, resulting in decreased libido, semen quality decline, sperm motility decreased and other phenomena.

　　3.2.3trace element

Trace elements can affect the reproductive function of boars.Some can cause boar testicular atrophy, affect semen production and semen quality. For example, zinc is an important part of semen, which can promote the sexual function, gonad development, testis development and spermatogenesis of male animals. The recommended feeding amount for each boar per day is30~35Milligrams. Selenium is related to the development of male organs and sperm production, and the weight of epididymis and gonad in selenium deficient boars is lower than that in normal boars.

　　3.2.4Vitamins

VitaminsA,DLack will also cause boar testicular degeneration semen decreased, decreased sperm motility, decreased libido and so on. VitaminsEImportant for boars to improve immunity and reduce stress.So as to improve the boar's physique. lack of vitaminsB1,B2When, can cause testicular atrophy and loss of libido. Give the boar more vitamins in hot climatesCIt helps to reduce the effect of heat stress on boar semen and fertilization rate.

In the actual production process, the main problems in the process of using breeding boars in small and medium-sized pig farms are as follows: first, the nutrition of breeding boars does not meet the requirements;Second, breeding too often.;Third, the heat stress of high temperature breeding boars in summer leads to dead sperm, azoospermia and decreased sperm motility, which leads to the decrease of conception rate and litter size of sows, which seriously affects the production performance of sows. Through practice, on the basis of the normal nutritional level of breeding boars, adding some bioactive substances, such as "organic selenium", can effectively improve the quality of boar semen and ensure the production performance of sows.