Feeding management of chicken

Release time:

Aug 16,2018

1. What equipment do chickens need to prepare?

Different levels of automated chicken farming and different feeding methods have different requirements for equipment, but some are the most basic equipment, including chicken cages,DrinkerEnvironmental control equipment, feeding equipment, egg collection equipment, manure cleaning equipment, etc.

Chicken cages include chick cages, chicken cages and egg cages. In some areas, the use of brooding into integrated chicken cages can reduce a production link. Laying hen cage is divided into several kinds, common 390 type and 396 type. The first number "3" of type 390 means 3 layers and consists of 6 single cages. Each single cage is divided into 5 compartments with 3 chickens in each compartment. "90" means that 90 chickens can be raised. Type 396 represents 3 layers and can raise 96 chickens. There are also 260 type, 264 type and so on. Most of the breeding cages adopt stacked electric heating breeding cages, and some do not use electric heating parts and adopt whole room heating. Flat raising on the ground generally requires electric brooding umbrellas, with diameters of 1.5 meters, 2 meters and 2.5 meters, which can brood 300, 400 and 500 brooding chicks respectively. In addition, there are brooding umbrellas that burn gas or natural gas, and the use effect is also good.

If egg collecting equipment, feeding equipment and dung cleaning equipment are manually operated, the equipment used is relatively simple. Generally, egg trucks, feeding trucks and dung trucks can be used. However, automatic egg collecting, automatic feeding and automatic dung cleaning systems need to be equipped with automatic egg collecting, automatic feeding and automatic dung cleaning systems. The investment is relatively large and currently only a few farms in China use them.

2. How to do a good job in the sanitation and disinfection of the brooding house before entering the young?

Before entering the brooding house, the hygiene needs to do a lot of preparatory work, which is roughly divided into three steps: cleaning, cleaning and disinfection.

Cleaning

After the last brooding, the house must be carefully cleaned, including excrement, dust, chicken feathers, and solid garbage formed on the chicken cage frame, corner walls, heating pipes and other dead corners must be cleaned out of the house.

Cleaning

Use a high-pressure water gun to carefully rinse the chicken house from the roof and chicken cage to the ground. After cleaning, 98% of bacteria and viruses will be washed away, so this work must be done.

Disinfection

Disinfection is carried out after cleaning the chicken coop, and disinfection is carried out in 3 times. For the first time, use disinfectant (preferably iodine preparation) to spray the cage. The concentration of disinfectant is 2~3 times larger than that of chicken disinfection. Disinfection must be done carefully, and every place must be thoroughly disinfected. For the second time, scrub walls and floors below 1 meter with caustic soda solution with a concentration of 2% ~ 3%, which also requires thorough disinfection. The third time is to use heated formalin or formalin to naturally react with potassium permanganate, and fumigate in a closed state for at least 24 hours (formalin: potassium permanganate = 2:1). To use more than 10 times the volume of the contents of the container, time permitting can be closed for a few days. Each disinfection should be separated by more than 3 days so that various disinfectants can fully play their role.

In addition, other utensils in the house, such as dung tray, hanging net, bottom net, drinking fountain, bucket and other utensils, should be cleaned with disinfectant first, then washed with clear water, and finally put into the house for fumigation before fumigation.

3. What preparations should be made before entering the brooding house?

(1) Preparation of appliances. All utensils are put into the chicken house before fumigation, such as barrels, basins, brooms, chicken boards, dung scraping boards, bedding, thermometers, electronic scales and other items related to brooding.

(2) Preparation of feed. Prepare millet or corn kernels and granules in advance.

(3) Check the drinking water system, lines, light, summer ventilation system, especially the heating system in winter, such as warm air stove, floor heating, warm wall, coal stove, coal stove must pay attention to gas poisoning.

(4) When raising online or in cages, paper or paper with good water absorption, such as newspapers, should be paved before entering the young.

(5) The thermometer is hung in a representative position. In winter, it should be placed in a lower temperature position, and in summer, it should be hung in a higher position.

(6) Preparation of vaccine drugs. Prepare vaccines and medicines for the brooding period in advance. ① In order to prevent vertical or horizontal transmission of bacterial diseases, as well as mice, sparrows, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other diseases carried in the environment, drugs are needed to prevent them in time. Commonly used drugs such as gentamicin, ceftriaxone sodium, apramycin sulfate, pefloxacin mesylate, amikacin, etc.; ② anti-stress commonly used electrolytic multidimensional, with seedlings commonly used to improve antibody of astragalus polysaccharides, interleukin (relatively high cost but good effect). After long-distance transportation, use multi-dimensional glucose or sugar plus electrolytic multi-dimensional glucose (only 2 days before feeding);③ Prepare vaccines for chick stage in advance, such as renal branch vaccine, Newcastle disease IV H120, bursa of Fabricius vaccine, etc. Be careful not to use 1000 seedlings for 1001 chickens in order to save a bottle of vaccine (it is recommended to use 1.2 portions for each chicken to ensure that each chicken must use enough one portion).

(7) Breeders shall select breeders with strong sense of responsibility, serious and careful work, and active and capable breeders. The selection of personnel must be put first so that brooding appliances can be fully prepared.

4. How to manage chicks after they arrive?

After the chickens arrive at the scene, quickly unload the chicken boxes and scatter them in the shed. Do not directly put the chicken boxes on the ground to prevent the chickens at the bottom from catching cold. Then remove the box cover to avoid hypoxia, and then put the chickens on the cage with light movements. If it is a long-distance transport arrived chicks, let the chicks rest for a while after drinking water. After the shell, the chicks consume a lot of water in the body, so they should be fed with water before feeding. Water with an appropriate amount of electrolytic multi-dimensional, not the case of special consumption of water, do not need to add glucose, add sugar will affect the absorption of egg yolk.

5. What are the daily management contents after entering the baby?

The contents that the breeder should check when entering the chick house every day are: the health status of the chickens, light, feces, temperature, dead panning rate, ventilation, feed, drinking water, etc.

After entering the young, the breeder should also be arranged to take turns on duty 24 hours a day. Be sure to observe the temperature and other indicators in the chicken house. Do a good job of the records, in order to better breeding management in the future as a reference basis.

6. How to control the temperature in the chicken house?

Preheat the chicken house 1 to 2 days before the arrival of the chicks to watch the chicks warm. The chicks are lively and active, and their diet is normal, indicating that the temperature is suitable. If you get together and scream, the temperature is low. If you stretch your neck and gasp, spread your wings and stay away from the heat source, the temperature will be high. But everything is not the rule, should be treated differently according to the specific situation. Generally required temperature: 34 ℃ in the first week, 31 ℃ in the second week, 28 ℃ in the third week, 26 ℃ in the fourth week and 24 ℃ in the fifth week, which has been maintained since then. The weekly temperature drop was about 3 ℃ in summer and 2 ℃ in winter. Try to cool down in summer and warm up in winter.

7. How to feed and drink chicks?

(1) plus rice (or corn grain), feed daily transition. After the chicks are fed with half corn kernels and half pellets for 2 days, all the chicks are fed with pellets.

(2) Add the bucket at the age of 1 day, and remove the pad paper at the age of 4 days, and then hang the trough. At the age of 12 days (bursa of Fabricius seedlings are often made at the age of 13 and 14 days, and the bucket is removed to prevent chickens from falling into the bucket and leaking chickens), the bucket is removed when the chickens are adapted to the feed of the feed tank. Feeding appliances also require a gradual transition.

(3) Drinking water: Washing the drinker twice, cleaning with disinfectant solution for the first time, and then rinsing it before using it. Do the vaccine before and after 2 days to disable the disinfection solution cleaning, so as not to residual disinfectant affect the vaccine titer.

8. How to master the density of chicks?

The main catch temperature in the early stage of brooding. With the rapid growth of chickens, after 10 days of age, the density and ventilation should be put on ventilation, and the density should not be increased without principle for heat preservation. If the density is high, the ventilation is poor, the slot is not enough, the feed intake is small, the drinking water is insufficient, the uniformity is poor, and the resistance is decreased. The result of this is that the growth is blocked in the light and the disease is induced in the heavy.

Suggested feeding density: ① ground flat, 0-6 weeks for 15-20/square meter, 6-12 weeks for 8-10/square meter; ② three-dimensional cage, 0-6 weeks for 30-40/square meter, 6-12 weeks for 30-35/square meter; ③ online cage, 0-6 weeks for 25-30/square meter, 6~12 weeks for 15~20 per square meter.

9. Is it necessary to weigh chickens (especially chicks)?

In the process of raising chickens, we always recommend weighing, because weighing has its necessity.

The current breeding direction of laying hens is: miniaturization of appetite weight and high yield of production performance. This direction makes the incoordination between the development of internal organs and high production performance aggravate, and shows the importance of weight standard. In order to obtain higher benefits, we must pay attention to whether the weight is up to standard.

Weighing should pay special attention to the weight index of 5-week-old chickens, because the weight of 5-week-old chickens can reach its weight standard or higher, which indicates that the chickens will start to give birth early, lay more eggs and have a low death rate during the laying period. In other words, the body weight of chicks at 5 weeks of age is strongly correlated with the main performance indicators during the laying period. The greater the body weight at 5 weeks of age, the higher the egg production rate in the future.

10. What is the target weight of the chicken and how is it weighed?

The purpose of weighing is to achieve the target weight. The target weight index can refer to the feeding and management guidelines of different varieties. At present, it has two meanings: one is the standard weight of not less than 18 weeks old at the beginning of delivery, and the other is the uniformity of not less than 80% at 15-18 weeks.

How to weigh chickens: use electronic scales or special scales to weigh chickens randomly. Each layer of the upper, middle and lower layers is randomly grabbed 2%, that is, the whole group is randomly called 5%. Weigh on an empty stomach in the morning and weigh the chicken in the same place each time. If weighed after feeding, the weight minus about 8% of the weight is the body weight. The said standard is in terms of weight and uniformity (uniformity refers to the percentage of chickens in the flock within plus or minus 10% of the average weight of the said sample number). The uniformity of chicks to 5 weeks of age is above 85%; Medium: 80% ~ 85%; Poor: less than 80%.

11. How to add light to chicks?

illumination time

The first day 23 hours, after the daily decline of 0.5 hours, until 12 to 13 hours so far and maintain. (The length of light given can be appropriately extended or shortened according to the weight.) It is not recommended that chicks be exposed to light for 24 hours after arriving at the scene, and it is not recommended to be exposed to light for several days in a row. In this way, chickens are prone to fatigue, poor rest and waste electricity.

The passage of light time

1~11 days old to push the light in the middle of the night before, 12 days later to push the light in the middle of the night (I. e. 1 days old to turn off the lights at 24:00, 1:00, turn on the lights at 1:30, and so on, until 24:00, turn on the lights at 6:00 in the morning. Then turn off the lights from 23:30 or 6:00 in the morning; Turn off the lights at 23:00 and turn on the lights at 6:00; Turn off the lights at 22:30 and turn on the lights at 6:00 until 18:00 and turn on the lights at 6:00 the next morning).

Illumination

A 100-watt bulb was used in the previous week, and a 40-watt bulb was used in the second week (about 8~10 square meters use one bulb). After the second week, the illumination is mainly based on the chicken's seeing and feeding, and the height of the bulb is also appropriate for the chicken to see and feed.

12. When is the right time for beak cutting?

Generally speaking, beak is better at 7~10 days of age, when the chicken is small, easy to operate, and can also prevent the occurrence of early pecking addiction. It is not recommended to cut off the beak when the chick is 1 day old, because the stress of cutting off the beak is large at this time, and the beak is short and difficult to operate, and the age of cutting off the beak is not easy to be large, preferably not more than 10 days old. However, if the chicken is only in the recommended beak within the age of the disease or vaccination until stress, can postpone the beak time.

13. How to do the specific operation of the beak? What should be paid attention?

Operable after the blade of the coracoid breaker is warmed to redness. The specific method is to grab the chicken's leg with the left hand, put the thumb of the right hand behind the chicken's head, put the index finger against its lower beak and swallow it, and prevent the chicken's tongue from coming out with a little force. The burning time is generally controlled within 3 seconds, so that the cut part is preferably yellow. It is strictly forbidden to burn for too long, because it will deform the beak, scald the beak or burn the tongue, affecting feeding and then affecting growth and development. It is often required that the resection site is 2/3 of the upper beak to the nostril and 1/3 of the lower beak, and the upper and lower parts are closed neatly. Do not use too much force or time during operation, which will suffocate the chicken. If it is too light to cut the growth point, the chicken beak will soon grow transparent horny. Therefore, the operation should strive to be accurate and cut well at one time.

14. What is beak repair?

If the effect of the first beak is not good, the beak needs to be broken twice, which is called beak repair. Beak repair can be carried out before the age of 70 days, to ensure that the chicken only fully developed time. When repairing the beak, avoid scalding the chicken tongue. The operation method is the same as the first beak, and the corresponding requirements should also be paid attention.

15. What should I pay attention to when I cut off a chicken's beak?

From the day before to the next day, an appropriate amount of electrolytic multi-dimensional should be added to the drinking water to minimize stress. When preparing to cut off the beak, fill up the tray to avoid damage to the chick's beak due to feeding after the beak is cut off. After the completion of the beak, should check whether there are individual chicken bleeding in the flock, and the individual bleeding chicken for secondary mild burning hemostasis. Beak cutting should be carried out by a special person to minimize the number of operations in order to have a better degree of uniformity.

16. What necessary checks should be made during the brooding period?

For chicken farms, supervision and inspection is a very necessary work. How well the daily work is done and whether there is anything missing needs the supervision of the management personnel. It is recommended to check from the following aspects, even in advance to make full preparations.

Feed: utensils, trough, trough position is enough, feeding time, feeding space;

Drinking water: water supply system, drinking water space;

Lighting: lighting procedures (closed, open), light intensity, light source;

Cage: flock density;

Coop environment: temperature (maximum/minimum temperature, heating system);

Humidity: minimum/maximum humidity, temperature and humidity meter;

Ventilation: ventilation system, maximum ventilation volume, air inlet area, airflow speed;

Feeding management: feeding mode/scheme, feeding time, water supply scheme;

flock condition: health, feathers, appearance;

Quality control: feed quality, drinking water quality;

Biosafety: epidemic prevention and disinfection, changing clothes and shoes, separating clean and polluted areas, transportation, rodent prevention measures, and treatment of dead chickens;

flock records: body weight (growth and development), feed intake, mortality, water intake, temperature, immune program;

Preparation before entering the chicken: clean and clean, flush the roof, wall, ground chicken cage and dung ditch with high-pressure water gun, disinfect and seal the chicken house, and fumigate and disinfect with formalin and potassium permanganate.

17. How to master the appropriate feeding method according to the growth law of the bred chicken?

According to the growth law of breeding chickens, it can be roughly divided into three periods:

(1)0~6/8 weeks old body weight gain potential. 6/8~10/12 weeks of age continued to gain weight, and then began to slow down. General body bone, muscle development in 12 weeks before the completion of more than 90%, to 13~14 weeks of age. That is, the skeleton is basically completed at this time, and the weight gain is slow. In actual production, due to the low feed intake before 6 to 8 weeks, frequent vaccination, and many other stresses, it is relatively difficult for chickens to reach the standard. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a high nutritional standard diet during this period, with special attention to the supply of vitamins, phosphorus, calcium and protein, so that the chicks can reach the standard at 8 weeks of age as much as possible.

(2) If the age of 8 weeks does not meet the standard, do not replace the chicken feed with medium chicken feed, and extend the supply of chicken feed. The potential of rapid weight gain in 8-12 weeks was used to increase the weight to 10-12 weeks, so that the weight reached the standard in 10-12 weeks. The selection and breeding of modern laying hens make their appetite and weight miniaturization, high-yield performance, making the development of internal organs and high production performance of the growing incongruity, therefore, the cultivation of internal organs is very important.

The development of internal organs is earlier than that of bones, which has begun in the incubation period. It changes greatly before 10 to 12 weeks and changes little in the later period, so it is very important to strengthen the feeding during this period. In the actual production, it is recommended to feed granules, one is conducive to eating, and the other is to strengthen the exercise of the stomach. For chicken farms that use powder, it is recommended to add gravel.

(3) By 12 weeks, if the weight is light, the causes should be found in time, such as diseases, feed quality, feeding environment (ventilation, light, density, drinking water, etc.), to stimulate chickens to eat more and reach the standard as far as possible in 15 weeks, otherwise it will affect the opening of production in the future. After 15 weeks, body fat deposition was significantly accelerated, and the biggest change in body tissue was in the ovary. Therefore, the weight gain of the chicken during this period is mainly considered the development of the ovary. If the weight is not up to the standard during this period, it will affect the development of the reproductive organs and delay the start of production.

18. Why do we need to group chicks?

When the chicks were beaked at 7~10 days of age, they were divided into groups for the first time by hand. This time, the groups should be divided into three groups: large, medium and small. Put the chicks in a relatively easy-to-manage position so that the small ones can grow quickly and catch up with the middle ones. The big chicken is placed in a position with relatively poor feeding conditions, and the weight of the big and small chickens is aligned as much as possible, and the uniformity is relatively consistent.

With the growth of the age, the density increases, the chicken feeding, drinking water tension, air turbidity, environmental deterioration, light part of the chicken weight loss, poor development, uniformity decreased rapidly; heavy pecking fetish, or secondary bacterial disease, so must be divided into groups.

19. How is it more appropriate to give light to bred chickens?

5~17 careful closed chicken coop should give 12 hours of light, open chicken coop with natural light. Light intensity to meet the chicken feeding, drinking water and staff operation is appropriate. In the open chicken coop, the sunshine time with the longest natural light of 5~17 weeks is the fixed light time. In the late stage of breeding or the early stage of production, when the weight reaches the standard, the light is increased to stimulate egg production. When sexual maturity is faster than body maturity and body weight is not up to standard, the egg material must be changed immediately, and light stimulation will be given after 1-2 weeks of change. When sexual maturity is slower than body maturity, light stimulation will be given after body weight reaches standard.

20. What is the main role of light in breeding chickens?

The purpose of lighting breeding chickens is to control the flock to reach sexual maturity at a suitable age. Regulation principle: reduce the light time, delay sexual maturity; extend the light time, accelerate sexual maturity. The length of light time before 10 weeks had little effect on the development of chicken genitals, and the effect was obvious after 10 weeks, because the sexual organs gradually matured after 10 to 12 weeks.

21. Why should chickens be changed in time and changed in time?

The ovaries of brood chickens develop rapidly at about 100 days old, and some chickens begin to give birth at 18 weeks old. At this time, the nutritional level of the diet should be improved. Ensure that the energy is 1190-1210 joules/kg (1 joule ≈ 0.24 calories) and the protein is 17%-18%, and increase the calcium storage to meet the requirements for eggshell formation.

It is recommended to start using transitional materials from 16 weeks. Mix half of the breeding material and half of the egg material evenly, transition for two weeks, and use all the egg material at 18 weeks. Or add 2% calcium feed at 16-17 weeks, and change the egg feed immediately when the chicken lays 5%.

It is essential to turn chickens into flocks. Because the feeding and drinking water dispenser have changed after the transfer, coupled with the fright during the transfer, it will affect the intake and drinking water of chickens, which will lead to temporary weight loss and delayed sexual maturity. Therefore, stress should be reduced as much as possible, and electrolytic multi-dimensional, astragalus polysaccharide and other anti-stress and antibody-improving drugs should be added to the chickens 3 days before and after the transfer. The transfer group should avoid the occurrence of immunity, material change and disease, and should be closely observed after the transfer group.

22. Can bred chickens relax their vigilance in disease prevention and control?

General farmers believe that bred chickens have strong disease resistance, so they do not pay enough attention to the disease prevention and control of bred chickens, and do not pay attention to the usual disinfection and disease prevention and control. In this way, after the breeding chickens with hidden pathogenic microorganisms are transferred to the laying house, the potential pathogenic microorganisms may develop under the strong stress of laying eggs, thus affecting the normal production performance of laying hens. This is also one of the important reasons for the decline in egg production rate in many chicken farms.

23. What are the temperature requirements for laying hens?

Laying hens have a looser temperature requirement than chicks. Generally, the temperature range that adult chickens can adapt to is 5~27 ℃, and the suitable temperature for hens to lay eggs is 13~20 ℃. Usually, the egg production rate begins to decline when the temperature is higher than 27 ℃, while the egg weight begins to decrease when the temperature exceeds 24 ℃. Chicken body without sweat glands, mainly through breathing heat, so the chicken is not heat resistant. When the temperature rises, heat stress will appear, which will affect the production performance. So in the hot summer should take measures to prevent heatstroke.

24. How to manage the temperature of the chicken house?

physical cooling method

The roof can be painted white to reflect the sunlight, or planted with trees to shade it, or shaded with a black net to build an awning. The most direct way is to install wet curtains, ceiling fans, rowFan, increase the ventilation and humidify.

Management measures to cool down

In the afternoon high temperature when carrying chicken spray disinfection, improve the small environment. Avoid hot midday feeding and feed in cooler mornings and nights to keep the chickens relatively fed.

Nutritional measures to cool down

In terms of nutrition supply, 1% ~ 2% vegetable oil or appropriate amount of lysine and methionine, or 0.2 sodium bicarbonate and 0.02 vitamin C are added into the feed. Sodium bicarbonate can regulate the body's acid-base balance, vitamin C can stress. This can reduce the damage caused by heat stress.

Reduced temperature difference

For areas with large temperature differences, it is the top priority of daily management to find ways to reduce the temperature difference. Because the greater the temperature difference, the greater the stress on the chicken. In the northern winter, more attention should be paid to heat preservation. In spring and autumn, special attention should be paid to the stress caused by the sudden cold and heat of the weather on chickens.

How to solve the contradiction between temperature and ventilation in winter?

Insulation and ventilation in winter is a pair of contradictions, but it is recommended not to close doors and windows for insulation, regardless of ventilation. According to the current environmental conditions of chicken raising in China, the existence of mycoplasma is inevitable. Poor ventilation can easily induce respiratory diseases and further induce other diseases such as Escherichia coli. Air is the most important nutrient gas in chicken life, so ventilation must be emphasized, but ventilation can be increased only when the temperature is appropriate.

Large chicken farms are generally monitored by the environmental control instrument in the house, as long as the required indicators are set. However, for chicken farms without environmental control instruments, attention should be paid to ventilation. For farmers' open chicken coops, the ventilation problem is not big, but after the windows are closed in winter, the problems of heat preservation and ventilation are highlighted. Therefore, it is recommended to consider the following points:

(1) Do not seal the window too early. If the chicken lacks cold-resistant exercise, it is also unfavorable to the smooth overwintering.

(2) The windows should be sealed step by step, first sealing the windows below and then sealing the windows above, and leaving several movable windows to facilitate ventilation in the house.

(3) as far as possible to leave the skylight, conducive to air circulation. If it is covered too tightly, the gas in the house (including the gas exhaled by the chicken, the water vapor in the room, etc.) will not disperse, and will condense into water droplets and hang on the walls, cages and wires in the house, becoming wet everywhere, and will easily form thick frost on the windows. Moreover, the air is not circulated, and the exhaust gas and dust in the house cannot be scattered, which is easy to induce upper respiratory tract diseases.

(4) In case of special cold, you can temporarily add a stove for heating. The stove can be removed if the weather is a little slow. In short, it is necessary to adjust the internal environment of the house according to the conditions of the house.

26. How to develop lighting procedures for laying hens?

Light is an important environmental factor affecting chickens, which has an impact on sexual maturity, egg laying, egg weight, eggshell thickness, egg forming time, egg laying time and physiological status, activity metabolism, behavior (pecking) and so on. Artificial control of light is an indispensable management measure in the production of laying hens.

(1) the light system of the open chicken house. The lighting of the open chicken house is mainly the use of natural light. When natural light is insufficient, artificial light is used to supplement it.

(2) to determine the time of light should not only be based on the age of the day, but also consider the weight of the chicken. Although the chicken is 20 weeks old, but the weight is light, it cannot be illuminated according to the age of the day, otherwise the development of the reproductive system and the weight are not synchronized, the egg production peak will not go up, even if the peak will not last.

(3) Nutrition should be kept up with in time after adding light, otherwise the nutritional level does not keep up with the development of the reproductive system. The nutrition taken by hens should not only lay eggs, but also maintain their own physical fitness, which is obviously insufficient, resulting in small eggs and short duration of egg production peak.

(4) In late spring and early summer, the natural light of chickens transferred to the layer house in autumn is in a shortened season. Under the condition of suitable weight and nutrition, artificial light can be added in advance. If the brooding is in autumn and winter, when the brooding is transferred to the layer house, the natural light has been more than 10 hours and is still extending, then the light can be added later.

27. What is the commonly used lighting method for laying hens?

In the case of the chicken weight standard, the light time of commercial laying hens increased from 18 weeks of age, and the light intensity was 3 watts/square meter.

The closed chicken coop is increased by 1 hour per week until it remains unchanged after 16 hours, and the light is increased by 1 hour in the late laying period (about 55 weeks later) to maintain the elimination.

The weekly increase in artificial light in the open house is based on 25 weeks to 16 hours. For example, 12 hours of natural light for 18 weeks increases by 30 minutes per week, reaches 16 hours at 26 weeks, and remains the same thereafter. Late laying (about 55 weeks) to increase 1 hour of light, maintained until elimination.

Now there are also such light. Laying the first egg on the third weekend after the peak egg. This 3 weeks to rely on the adjustment of light decision, but the premise is still weight standards. Note that increasing the duration of light can promote sexual maturation.

28. What should be paid attention to in the health management of laying hens?

Health management of laying hens should be considered from the following aspects:

(1) Do not let feces contact feed and drinking water, and clear feces in time. It is recommended to clear once every 3 days in summer and once every 4 days in winter. The use of mechanical scraping and automatic feeding, after this aspect is done well, there is no cross-infection, which is not only time-saving, labor-saving, but also clean and hygienic, which is worth promoting.

(2) Chicken manure should be piled up at fixed points and not dumped at will.

(3) The venue should distinguish between dirty and clean roads to avoid cross-infection.

(4) Regularly disinfect chickens (which can be carried out after dung removal), and do a good job of preventing rats, sparrows, mosquitoes, flies, etc.

(5) After vaccination, drinking water should be timely and the ground should be disinfected. Used vaccine bottles (especially live vaccines) should be burned in the fire or thoroughly disinfected by heating to avoid the spread of vaccine virus.

(6) The weeds around the chicken house should be hoed. To prevent mosquitoes, midges and other parasites from spreading diseases such as leucoprotozoa in chickens.

(7) The drinking water system should be cleaned regularly. Timely clean up the moldy blocks formed at the bottom of the waste due to the leakage of the drinking fountain into the trough.

29. In the daily management of laying hens, how to observe whether the flock is normal?

(1) Daily attention should be paid to the color of excrement and the mental state of chickens when feeding and drinking water. If weak or abnormal chickens are found, pick them out and release them separately, and solve other problems in time when other problems are found.

(2) After turning off the lights at night, wait for the chicken to calm down and listen to whether the chicken has respiratory diseases, so as to adjust the ventilation at any time.

(3) observe the temperature and humidity. Keep the chicken house relatively stable and suitable environment, the temperature is required to be kept at 8~27 ℃, and it is better to strive for 13~24 ℃; the relative humidity is about 60%.

(4) Pay attention to ventilation. The concentration of harmful gases ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide should not be too high. Generally, it is advisable for people to enter the chicken coop without pungent, headless and stuffy feeling.

(5) Observe whether there are any problems with light and wiring in the shed, and solve them in time if found.

(6) Close doors and windows properly at night to prevent chickens from catching a cold.

30. The egg production rate rises slowly. What is the reason why there is no peak egg production?

There are many factors that affect the slow increase in egg production rate or the absence of peak egg production. For reserve chickens with pure breeds and good management, the egg production rate should reach 50% at 22-23 weeks, rise to more than 80% after 2-3 weeks, and exceed 90% at 27-28 weeks. However, in actual production, there is often a lag in the opening of chickens, reaching 80% in 27-28 weeks, and the peak value is less than 90%. Specific reasons can be found from the following aspects:

(1) Variety reasons. All varieties should be parents of matching lines. If they are not scientifically cultivated, the egg production rate will not go up even if they are well raised.

(2) reserve chicken breeding is not good. The growth and development are hindered, especially the chickens whose weight is still not up to standard and whose uniformity is poor at 6~12 weeks, the egg production rate is not high.

(3) Long-term use of inferior feed, undetoxified cotton cakes, vegetable cakes or other miscellaneous cakes, adulteration of raw materials, insufficient limiting amino acids, improper proportion of amino acids, vitamin failure or insufficient quantity, etc.

(4) There is no timely replacement. If the feed is still fed for a long time after being transferred to the layer house, the nutrition is obviously insufficient.

(5) The use of drugs is wrong. Some drugs inhibit follicular development, such as sulfonamides (except for the current synergistic sulfonamides).

(6) the impact of disease. Avian influenza, transmission branch, Newcastle disease, throat, nose, E. coli, mycoplasma, etc. will affect egg production. In particular, the recent prone viral diseases and reproductive transmission branches will cause irreversible damage to the reproductive tract of chickens. For example, chickens with renal transmission branches have follicles but their fallopian tubes are not developed, which is usually called "fake hen", which also seriously affects egg production.

(7) Improper operation or shock during immunization, high density, unreasonable ventilation, incorrect light, and excessive peculiar smell in the house will all make the chicken in a state of stress and difficult to develop its production potential.

(8) the peak of egg production is high temperature in midsummer.

What are the reasons for the sudden drop in egg production?

The egg laying rate of normal chickens is regular. Under good feeding and management conditions, after the peak of egg production, the weekly egg production rate will drop by about 1%. If there is a sudden drop or a downward trend for several consecutive days, there must be an abnormal situation. Please find out the reason in time.

Aspects of disease

Avian influenza, Newcastle disease, transmission, larynx, egg drop syndrome, infectious encephalomyelitis, lymphoid leukemia, fowlpox and other viral diseases can cause a sudden drop in egg production, as well as bacterial diseases such as septic mycobacteria, acute fowl cholera, acute E. coli, and chronic salmonella can also cause a sharp drop in egg production.

Management aspect

Insufficient feeding for several consecutive days, or obvious changes in the quality of feed ingredients; Water supply problems caused by power failure, poor water pipes, etc.; The daily management procedures in the house suddenly change, such as light time (power failure), feeding time, cleaning and dung cleaning; Sudden changes in external conditions, such as sudden changes in temperature, sharp rises and falls in temperature, poor ventilation, immunity, deworming and changing feeding methods.

Nutritional aspects

Laying hens are sensitive to nutrition, and slight changes can cause changes in egg production. Moldy feed, non-feed grade trace elements, poor quality additives, etc. will cause a decline in egg production.

32. What are the reasons for the incorrect egg color and the high rate of broken eggs?

Need to find the reasons from the following aspects:

(1) the relationship between varieties.

(2) Disease factors. For example, egg loss syndrome, transmission branch, Newcastle disease and bird flu have blocked the function of uterine eggshell glands, the eggshell color has become lighter, and abnormal eggs such as broken eggs, soft eggs, deformed eggs, small eggs and non-yellow eggs have increased.

(3) pH imbalance in chicken body. In summer, heat stress forces chickens to gasp and exhale carbon dioxide, causing alkalosis and increasing the number of broken soft eggs.

(4) Vitamin D3 in the feed is insufficient, or the proportion of calcium and phosphorus is improper.

(5) age factors. Late laying, the ability of the chicken itself to absorb calcium is weakened.

(6) Physical factors. Egg net steep or egg net deformation, so that the egg impact damage.

33. What problems should laying hens pay attention to in feeding?

(1) Laying hens have a strong appetite and are eager to eat when feeding. Later, pick the food particles and hook the material into a small pile, which is easy to dig out the material and cause waste. Therefore, feeding should be less frequent and timely.

(2) In order to maintain the strong appetite of chickens, there should be no leftover materials in the tank, and the materials should be cleaned once a day.

(3) Do not feed mouldy materials and materials with peculiar smell to chickens, for fear that chickens will get enteritis or induce other diseases after eating these spoiled materials.

(4) Feeding times:

Feed at 6:00 a.m. (9:00 a.m.);

11:00 am hello;

14:30 p.m. to feed;

Feed at 17:30 p.m. (average at 19:30).

Note: The so-called uniform material refers to the material that is hooked into small piles by chickens in the trough or the place that is not evenly scattered when feeding chickens, and is evenly steed by hand so that all chickens can eat the material (even if it is mechanical feeding, it is better to do the work of uniform material).

34. What are the hazards of poor ventilation in chicken houses?

Nowadays, intensive chicken production limits the activities of chickens. The existence of chicken-specific air sacs has become the basis for the occurrence of respiratory diseases. The dirty air in the house reduces the swing frequency of respiratory cilia and destroys the integrity of respiratory mucosa. A large number of pathogenic microorganisms invade the body and settle in air sacs. Under the condition of good physique and strong disease resistance, they generally will not cause serious harm, however, in the presence of stress or other diseases such as weather changes, immunity, group transfer, beak breakage, etc., when the chicken's disease resistance is reduced, the conditional pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and mycoplasma that invade the body will multiply in large numbers. Because the air bag is close to the internal organs, and there is no diaphragm between the chest and abdominal cavity, it will soon cause systemic sepsis such as "perihepatic inflammation" and "pericarditis.

What are the main causes of poor ventilation?

The physiological characteristics of chickens put forward strict requirements for the environment. Excessive harmful gases such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide in the house are the main sources of air pollution. Inhalable particles, microorganisms, and dust in the air in the chicken house are important carriers of bacteria. In reality, many farmers ignore the physiological and anatomical characteristics of chickens and do not create good environmental conditions for the survival of chickens. The main manifestations are: improper site selection of chicken farms, unreasonable construction of chicken coops, no scientific ventilation system, no attention to ventilation, no ventilation, no ventilation; The chicken farm is low-lying and has a narrow environment. Some of them build farms in forests or plant a large number of trees in the farm, which prevents the wind from blowing in and harmful gases from being discharged. The spacing between chicken houses is too narrow, the airflow cannot flow well, the windows are unreasonable, and there are no ground windows, the air cannot form convection, there is no ventilation equipment or the setting is unreasonable; Some are afraid that the chicken will be cold and frozen and dare not ventilate (don't forget that the chicken has feathers on its body, which can adapt to changes in external temperature through the growth adjustment of feathers. There are no frozen chickens, only chickens that die due to poor ventilation). Some people are no longer ventilated because of a ventilation attack.

All this makes chickens live in an environment where hypoxia, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, carbon dioxide and other gases seriously exceed the standard for many years. External pathogenic microorganisms not only easily invade the body and cause the disease of chickens, but also have poor ventilation for a long time. Tissue hypoxia, decreased heart and lung function, insufficient blood oxygen, and the body is in a pathological state and cannot produce a good immune response.

Many people often put the respiratory disease after ventilation is attributed to ventilation, but it is not. Usually 2 to 3 days before the weather turns warm or the weather is clear, it is a windless day. At this time, if the chicken house is closed tightly, the internal and external air is not circulating, the harmful gas in the chicken house exceeds the standard, and the pathogenic microorganisms can easily sneak into the body, forming the "incubation period" of the disease. When the weather gets warmer, the wind does not step by step, and the subsequent respiratory disease occurs, that is the wind before the weather changes. Therefore, ventilation must be strengthened.

36. How can we do a good job of ventilation?

When building a chicken farm, you must choose a place where the terrain is high and dry, flat, leeward and sunny, open, and well-ventilated.

The layout of the chicken coop should be reasonable. The direction of the chicken coop should be 30 ° ~ 45 ° with the perennial dominant wind direction to avoid the incident angle of 0 ° wind direction. The building of the upwind chicken coop should not be too high, and the spacing of the chicken coop should be at least 3~4 high. The size of the door is generally 2 meters high and 1 meter wide, and the two doors are 2 meters high and 1.6 meters wide. The windows of semi-open and open chicken houses should be set on the front and rear walls, and the front windows should be wide and low from the ground to facilitate lighting. The ratio of window to ground area is 1:10~1:8. The rear window should be small, about 2/3 of the area of the front window. Each chicken coop shall be provided with a ground window 50cm wide and 30cm high at a distance of 5~10cm from the ground. A 1.5-meter-high, 20-30-centimeter-diameter pump is set up at the highest part of the roof. The pump should be opened normally all the year round.

For chicken farms that cannot be mechanically ventilated, as long as there is no ice in the house, the skylight should not be closed. The chickens should gradually adapt to the cold climate and promote the growth of feathers. For those with mechanical ventilation equipment, always pay attention to ventilation to ensure fresh air. Attention should be paid to strengthening ventilation on days without wind 2-3 days before the weather gets warmer. On the day of warming, the ventilation should be gradual. On windy days before the weather turns cold, pay attention to closing doors and windows as early as possible. On the day when the cold air comes, it is more important to pay attention to ventilation because there is no wind outside. The principle of ventilation is to pass without wind and reduce with wind.

Conditional chicken farms should set up a space electric field control network to make the removal efficiency of microbial colonies in the air reach 90% ~ 99%. The chick house should also have an air ventilation tube, and the skylight should be kept unblocked from the first day of entering the chicken. It is better to have mechanical ventilation equipment, and turn on the fan for ventilation after the temperature rises by 2~3 ℃, and complete ventilation before the temperature drops. Open windows for ventilation when the outside temperature is high at 10~15 o'clock every day, and keep the air fresh under any circumstances. When there is a contradiction between heat preservation and ventilation, it is better to sacrifice heat preservation and ventilation.

Special emphasis: ventilation must be carried out under the premise of ensuring the temperature, and ventilation should be carried out at elevated room temperature.

Tip: Do not close the doors and windows for heat preservation, resulting in a series of chain reactions caused by poor ventilation: close the doors and windows-heat preservation-poor ventilation-respiratory disease-E. coli-gout-mixed infection and even death.

37. Can Tenebrio Mill be processed into feed to feed pigeons?

Tenebrio contained protein 56.58%, fat 28.20%, also contains phosphorus, iron, potassium, sodium, calcium and other major elements and a variety of trace elements and animal growth essential amino acids, its nutrition is rich, is the best animal protein raw materials.

38. Can broilers be fed raw soybeans?

Broilers had better not feed raw soybeans, because raw soybeans contain three harmful substances: first, antitrypsin, which can inhibit protease from catalyzing protein decomposition; second, plant hemagglutinin, which can reduce blood cells and reduce heme content; third, urease, which can decompose protein and urea to produce ammonia and stimulate the digestive tract. These three kinds of harmful substances can be detoxified by heating, cooking and frying. For young chickens aged 1-4 days, protein feed such as bean cake and fish meal cannot be added to the diet. For young chickens aged 5-10 days, the protein feed in the diet can only account for less than 10%; No more than 15% for those aged 11-20 days; No more than 25% for those aged 21-30 days.

Health Management of Intestinal Tract in Breeding Chickens

Nutritional Regulation and Management of Heat Stress in Laying Hens in Summer

Health Management of Intestinal Tract in Breeding Chickens

Nutritional Regulation and Management of Heat Stress in Laying Hens in Summer