Research Progress on Application of Clostridium Butyricum in Poultry Production

For a long time, the abuse of antibiotics in livestock and poultry breeding has caused various hazards and has become a worldwide problem. Long-term use of antibiotics will cause serious harm to livestock and poultry: first, the animal produces drug-resistant bacteria, inhibits cellular immunity and humoral immunity, seriously damages the function of animal immune cells, reduces animal immunity and disease resistance, and even causes immune failure; second, the residual antibiotics in animal products enter the human body through the food chain, causing people to be indirectly exposed to antibiotics, which seriously affects the effect of antibiotic treatment when the human body is sick. Therefore, in the current animal husbandry industry, no resistance to feed is the trend of the times, 2013In 2006, the Ministry of Agriculture of China included butyric acid-producing bacteria in Appendix 2 of the Catalogue of Feed Additives Varieties (2013).With the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection and food safety concerns,Non-toxic and harmless probiotics to humans and animals have gradually replaced antibiotics as the mainstream of livestock farming. Clostridium butyricum and its metabolites can improve feed utilization and improve the performance of livestock and poultry, enhance the immunity and disease resistance of livestock and poultry, and have broad market prospects in the current environment of non-resistant breeding.

1Biological characteristics of Clostridium butyricum

  Clostridium butyricum, also known as Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium butyricum, butyricum and butyric acid bacteria, belongs to the genus Clostridium of Bacillus family, gram stain is positive, for strict anaerobic bacteria,(0．6~1．2) one *(3．0~7．0) one. Blunt round ends. The middle part is slightly swollen, straight or slightly curved. Single or in pairs. The whole body flagella, can exercise. Spore ovale. Eccentric or subendogenic. Strong resistance to the external environment. Acid and alkali resistance, high temperature resistance and high humidity resistance, not sensitive to most antibiotics. Clostridium butyricum as a viable feed additive to overcome its similar products, including lactobacillus and yeast, such as low tolerance to high temperature pelleting, strict requirements on storage conditions and low gastric acid passing rate defects, with the function of promoting animal growth, improving feed conversion rate of livestock and poultry, preventing and treating digestive tract diseases, reducing mortality of young livestock and poultry and improving immunity.

2The mechanism of action of Clostridium butyricum

Clostridium butyricum is able to colonize, multiply and metabolize through the stomach and small intestine to the completely anaerobic ileocecal junction, cecum and colon. Clostridium butyricum produces butyric acid, Clostridium butyricum (antimicrobial peptide), amylase, folic acid and other vitamins in the metabolic process, which can promote the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria, inhibit the reproduction of harmful bacteria, correct the disorder of intestinal flora, maintain the balance of intestinal flora, repair intestinal mucosa, and enhance the function of intestinal barrier, so as to maintain the intestinal health of animals and improve production performance. Among themButyric acid isThe main energy source of intestinal mucosal cells can regenerate and repair the damaged intestinal mucosa, and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella in the intestinal tract.And butyric acid bacteria (antimicrobial peptides)Inhibition and killing of certain clostridia, such as Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium pasteur, Clostridium butyricum in logarithmic growth phase, 96%Both produce Clostridium butyricin, especially at the end of the logarithmic production period.AmylaseIt is the hydrolysis of starch and carbohydrates to produce oligosaccharides, and promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria.vitamins haveFolic acid, VK, VB1, VB2, VB6, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, substance, inositol, etc., to promote the value-added of beneficial bacteria.

3The physiological function of Clostridium butyricum

3, 1Maintain the balance of intestinal flora, maintain intestinal health, and promote the digestion and absorption of nutrients

The microbial community in the gut of animals will maintain a steady state under normal conditions, which is of great significance for the growth and development of animals and the resistance to diseases. When the intestinal flora of animals is destroyed and the balance of microbial community is broken, it will lead to the decline of animal production performance and the occurrence of various diseases. Clostridium butyricum can maintain or restore the number of dominant flora in the intestinal tract of the host and ensure the homeostasis of microorganisms in the intestinal tract of animals.It is conducive to the digestion and absorption of protein and fat in feed.Firstly, Clostridium butyricum competes with harmful bacteria in the intestinal tract to absorb nutrients, thereby inhibiting its growth and reproduction; at the same time, it competes with harmful bacteria for adhesion sites on intestinal epithelial cells, thereby inhibiting its adhesive growth on the cells. Secondly, Clostridium butyricum can secrete a variety of polysaccharide decomposing enzymes to decompose polysaccharides into oligosaccharides, thus providing more fermentation for probiotics in the intestinal tract. Promotes the growth and proliferation of probiotics. In addition, the main metabolites of Clostridium butyricum butyric acid, with the repair of intestinal mucosa and reduce intestinal pHThe lower intestinal pH is more suitable for the growth and proliferation of probiotics. Finally, the teichoic acid in Clostridium butyricum can effectively inhibit the activity of Escherichia coli and its adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells, and can also inhibit the apoptosis caused by Escherichia coli.

3、2Provide nutrients to promote the growth of livestock and poultry

The main metabolites of Clostridium butyricum are short-chain fatty acids, in which acetic acid and propionic acid are digested and absorbed as energy substances passive objects of intestinal epithelial cells, in additionClostridium butyricum can produce a variety of enzymes in animalssuch as amylase, lipase and cellulaseThese enzymes break down the host's own indigestible feed ingredients into small molecules that can be absorbed by the host.: Clostridium butyricum can also synthesize multiple vitamins during metabolism. These includeBvitaminsVitaminsKand folic acid, etcThese vitamins can be secreted outside of cellsIt plays an important role in maintaining the health of the host organism.

3, 3Improve the body's immunity

Clostridium butyricum can improve serumIgGandC3content, with increased serumIgAThe butyric acid produced by Clostridium butyricum in the intestinal tract is the main energy source of intestinal mucosal cells, and has the function of repairing intestinal mucosa and reversing the increase of mucosal permeability. Butyric acid can also stimulate intestinal mucosal immune activity and affect some cytokines involved in immune regulation.

3, 4Reduce the concentration of ammonia in livestock houses and improve the breeding environment.

Clostridium butyricum can inhibit a variety of pathogenic bacteria produce amine, ammonia, indole, hydrogen sulfide, etc.32Toxins, through the biological flora of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, hydrogen sulfide and other toxic and harmful substances in the water decomposition, control azoreductase, nitroreductase and other nitrate into nitrite, reduce livestock and poultry stables, breeding water odor.

4Application of Clostridium butyricum in poultry production

4,1Improve the production performance of poultry

  Clostridium butyricum used as feed additive added to livestock and poultry diets,Its main function is to enhance the digestion and absorption function of animal gastrointestinal tract, improve the growth performance of animal body and improve the feed conversion rate. Experiments by the Technology Center of Zhejiang Huijia Biotechnology Co., Ltd. showed that the addition100g/tClostridium butyricum, can improve the laying rate of laying hens, prolong the peak of laying eggs, improve egg quality, reduce the ratio of feed to eggs, reduce the rate of death of laying hens, and the egg shape of laying hens, fecal sensory evaluation, necrotic enteritis mortality have played a very positive effect. Studies such as Shi Dalin have shown that adding to the broiler diet10billionCFU/kgFeed of Clostridium butyricum, feeding49dCompared with the control group, the whole-period weight gain and the whole-period feed-to-meat ratio can be significantly improved.(P< 0．01)And the survival rate has increased. Research by Zhang Xiujiang et al. shows that adding to the feed of laying hens0．01% of Clostridium butyricum can significantly increase the daily egg production rate and the total daily egg production and feed egg ratio of laying hens. The daily egg production rate was higher in this group than in the control group.6．83%, the daily egg weight of the group was higher than that of the control group.6．8%, the average daily feed of the group was lower than that of the control group.6．45％．

4,2Improve the body's immunity, enhance disease resistance

Clostridium butyricum as a feed additive in the application of young livestock and poultry, by activating the body's immune system and improve the immune function of animals, improve disease resistance.Y ang itAnd other studies have shown that the addition of feed diets.2 000million.CFU/kgClostridium butyricum can significantly increase serum immunoglobulin in broilersA (IgA)Immunoglobulin, ImmunoglobulinG (IgG )content, and increased serum immunoglobulinM (IgM )Content. Wang Li's research shows that laying hensThe addition of Clostridium butyricum in the diet can increase the number of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in the caecum of laying hens, and reduce the number of Escherichia coli. 125~1000 mg/kg in basic dietClostridium butyricum can significantly improve the serum content of laying hensImmunoglobulinIgMContent (P<0.05). Significantly increased serum GSH-px activity, T-SOD activity and CAT activity (P<0.05）。

4,3Improving the quality of poultry products

  The addition of Clostridium butyricum in poultry feed can not only effectively improve the growth performance of poultry and maintain the intestinal microbial homeostasis of poultryIt can also improve the quality of poultry products.During the laying period of laying hens, continuous use of Clostridium butyricum for a week, the smell of feces in the chicken house was significantly reduced, and the soft preserved eggs were reduced. Long-term use can improve the laying rate in the middle and late stages, and the color and quality of eggshells were improved. Zhao Xu's research results on broilers pointed out that the addition of Clostridium butyricum can affect the fat deposition of broilers by changing the structure of the intestinal flora of broilers, and ultimately achieve the purpose of improving the muscle quality of broilers.

With the development of high-density and intensive aquaculture, the environmental stress of livestock and poultry is becoming more and more intense, which seriously affects the level of animal production and health. The abuse of antibiotics leads to the production of drug-resistant bacteria, drug residues and environmental pollution, which poses a safety hazard to human health. Therefore, the research and application of new green additives to replace antibiotics has become a hot topic in the research of feed additives. Clostridium butyricum has the biological characteristics of high temperature resistance, high pressure resistance, gastric acid resistance, bile salt resistance and multiple antibiotics resistance. And the application effect is obvious in livestock and poultry production. As a new green viable preparation, Clostridium butyricum has a very wide range of research prospects.